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Nizhnyaya Toyma River
The Nizhnyaya Toyma ((ロシア語:Нижняя Тойма)) is a river in Verkhnetoyemsky and Vinogradovsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a right bank tributary of the Northern Dvina River. The length of the river is . The area of its basin is .
==Etymology==
The name of Nizhnyaya Toyma means ''The Lower Toyma'', as opposed to the ''Upper Toyma'', the Verkhnyaya Toyma River, also a right tributary of the Northern Dvina.
The toponym ''Toyma'' occurs in various northern Russian territories, from Toyma in Karelia to Toyma River in the Republic of Tatarstan. It is identical to an extinct Uralic ethnonym known to the Novgorodians since (at least) the beginning of the 12th century. Janet Martin considered Toima (''sic'') the southern extreme of Novgorodian control over the Dvina basin in this period.〔Janet Martin (2004). (Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54811-X, ISBN 978-0-521-54811-3, p. 57〕 The first mention of Toyma, paying tribute to Novgorodians, is dated 1137〔Janet Martin (2004). (Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54811-X, ISBN 978-0-521-54811-3, p. 55, provides a list of tax-paying possessions of Novgorod in 1137, including Toyma.〕 but there is no evidence that the word ''Toyma'' relates to the present-day area or its neighbor, Verkhnetoyemsky Selsoviet. The 1219 chronicle mentions the ethnonym ''toymokary'' ((ロシア語:... И поиде тои зимö Семьюнъ Öминъ въ 4 стöх на Тоимокары ...)). The 1237 ''Tale of the Death of the Russian Land'' mentions "Toyma pagans" living between "the Karelians" and Veliky Ustyug ((ロシア語:...от корöлы до Оустьюга, гдö тамо бяхоу тоимици погании...)),〔(Original Russian version of the ''Tale of the Death of the Russian Land'' ), second paragraph.〕 a location roughly aligned with the Northern Dvina basin.
Russian linguists argue whether the ethnonym Toyma relates to a specific tribe, a tribal group, a language or a whole continuum of Uralic languages.〔Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). ''(K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa )'' (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. ''Voprosy Onomastiki'', No 4, 2007. pp. 14–27, provides a roundup of opposing views on the subject〕 Evgeny Chelimsky applied the ethnonym ''Toyma'' to a wide area in the southern part of Northern Dvina basin and wrote that it is equivalent to the ''Northern Finns'' in Aleksandr Matveyev's classification.〔Evgeny Helimski (2006). ''(Severno-zapadnaya gruppa finno-ugorskih yazykov )'' (Северно-западная группа финно-угорских языков). ''Voprosy Onomastiki'', No 3, 2006. pp. 38-39〕 Matveyev objected, writing that the Northern Finnish continuum was considerably wider than Toyma's, and that the hypothetical Toyma people occupied only a minor portion of it.〔Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). ''(K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa )'' (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. ''Voprosy Onomastiki'', No 4, 2007. p. 23.〕 He preferred to equate the Toyma with a particular tribe that lived in the Nizhnaya Toyma area, and noted that it also could belong to Permic languages.〔Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). ''(K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa )'' (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. ''Voprosy Onomastiki'', No 4, 2007. p. 24〕 At any rate, the Toymas disappeared before the 17th century, before their existence could be recorded in Muscovite sources, either through russification or through earlier assimilation by other Uralic peoples.
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